block north of Canal, and bores underneath the Hudson River to Twelfth
Street, Jersey City, New Jersey (toll: passenger cars 50c). A spacious and
impressive plaza leads to a narrow tunnel entrance, whose dingy masonry
lacks the exciting quality of the glistening interior. The tunnel is made
of cast iron lined with concrete and the side walls are inset with white
vitreous tiles, with markers at -quarter-mile points. East- and westbound
tubes are separate, each two lanes wide, together carrying a traffic of
12,000,000 cars a year. (The exit of the eastbound traffic tube is on Canal
Street.) Catwalks in each tube are paced by guards who keep vehicles at
the required speed of thirty miles an hour. The tunnel was constructed
by the states of New York and New Jersey at a cost of fifty million dol-
lars. Work was begun on October 12, 1920, and the tunnel opened on
November 13, 1927. It is operated by the Port of New York Authority.

Old Spring Street Presbyterian Church, founded in 1811, stands
at Varick and Spring Streets. In 1834, a mob spurred by prominent poli-
ticians, almost destroyed the original frame building because Dr. Henry
G. Ludlow, the pastor, was a firm advocate of abolition. Two years later,
the present brick structure was erected.

The firearms firm of Francis Bannerman and Sons, still active at
501 Broadway, near Broome Street, was founded in 1865 by a former
naval officer in the Civil War. It has a remarkable collection of military
arms and war relics. (Open Monday to Friday 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m., Satur-
day 8:30 a.m. to 12 m.; admission free.) Chronological arrangements of
the exhibits lucidly indicate the stages in the development of modern
lethal weapons. Prized possessions include such objects as the headquar-
ters flag of Major General "Light Horse" Harry Lee, famous Revolu-
tionary cavalry leader and father of General Robert E. Lee; a double-
barreled flintlock shotgun that belonged to Napoleon I, and the guidon
of the Seventh U. S. Cavalry used in the battle of Little Big Horn (Gen-
eral Custer's last stand).

South Street

Area: South Ferry to Corlears Hook along the East River.

The bowsprit of many a clipper—Baltimore, California, McKay—and
Liverpool packet once jutted over South Street, now visited by ungainly
scows, fishing smacks, lighters, and car floats from Long Island and Jersey
City. This famous "street o' ships," a two-mile stretch of bumpy stones
skirting the East River from the Battery to Corlears Hook, is historically